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Zelinsky-Kummant gas mask

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Zelinsky-Kummant gas mask
TypeGas mask
Place of origin Russian Empire
Service history
In service1915–1930s
Used bySee Users
WarsWorld War I
Winter War
Production history
DesignerNikolay Zelinsky and M.I. Kummant
Designed1915
No. produced5,030,660

The Zelinsky-Kummant gas mask is the world's first gas mask[1] with the ability to absorb a wide range of chemical warfare agents. The gas mask was developed in 1915 by Russian chemist Nikolay Zelinsky and technologist of the Triangle plant M.I. Kummant.[2]

Soldiers of the 267th Dukhovshchinsky Infantry Regiment wearing Zelinsky-Kummant gas masks, 1916
Soldiers of the Czechoslovak Legion in Zelinsky-Kummant gas masks, 1916–1917
Soldier wearing a gas mask, photo from the U.S. Army War College
Russian soldiers in Zelinsky-Kummant gas masks, photographed by an American photographer, 1917
The gas mask preserved in a Finnish museum

The design of the Zelinsky-Kummant gas mask was later improved by I. D. Avalov and entered mass production. After the adoption of the gas mask by units of the Imperial Russian Army during World War I, casualties from chemical attacks decreased sharply.[3]

History[edit]

“Wet masks” (bandages soaked in a solution of hyposulfite, sodium phenolate, methenamine, etc.) were based on the chemical binding of toxic substances and were widely used on the fronts of World War I.[4] However, in addition to the obvious difficulties with use in combat conditions, even when using “universal impregnation” they only helped against a narrow range of gases (of which several dozen were already in use by 1915).[5] Therefore, chemists searched for nonspecific adsorbents with the greatest absorption capacity. The Germans used diatomaceous earth with pumice, while specialists from the Mining Institute used a mixture of slaked lime and caustic soda (soda lime). After numerous experiments, Nikolay Zelinsky suggested activated birch or linden charcoal.

By summer of 1916, several hundred thousand soldiers were fumigated, and in total the army received 5,030,660 gas masks.[citation needed] Since spring 1917, there have been no other gas masks in the combat units of the active army. Troops continued to suffer significant losses from chemical weapons: units on the front line received gas masks without a supply, and fresh reinforcements to the unit were not provided with RPE.[6]

Flaws[edit]

The activated carbon filter perfectly absorbed chlorine at a relatively low concentration. Later, shells and mines were used for chemical attacks; and they were equipped with phosgene, hydrocyanic acid, and other toxic substances. This increased the concentration of toxic substances and changed their chemical composition; and it turned out that in the new conditions, activated carbon alone does not provide the required duration of protection. For example, at a phosgene concentration of 1%, filters began to pass it in less than 6 minutes - while an English filter (with the addition of soda lime with potassium permanganate, in addition to activated carbon) could absorb 5 times more phosgene. Similarly, at a hydrocyanic acid concentration of 0.1%, the service life of Zelinsky filters with activated carbon alone was 9 minutes, and with the addition of a chemical absorber (as in the English filter) - 1 hour 5 minutes. At the end of the war, English, French, American and German gas mask filters were filled with both activated carbon and chemical absorbers - but in Russia, until the very end of the war, they continued to believe in the universality of activated carbon, contrary to the proposals of the Gas Prevention Laboratory of the Chemical Committee at G.A.U.[7] In modern industrial gas masks, activated carbon can be saturated with various additives, that is, additives and chemicals are also used.

Substances in the form of aerosols such as fine dust and fog, began to be used for chemical attacks. Small particles passed between large pieces of activated carbon (4–11 mm) unhindered,[7] and there were no aerosol filters in the gas mask boxes.

Another disadvantage of gas masks was difficulty breathing.[8] Some soldiers took off their gas masks, and were poisoned. Some soldiers "fell out of action due to shortness of breath, palpitations, dizziness" to the point of loss of consciousness. This was initially attributed to increased respiratory resistance. Accordingly, they began to change the design of the filter. But even when the amount of absorber was reduced to such a small value that the service life turned out to be unacceptably short, the problem could not be solved. Then measurements showed that exhaled air, with an increased concentration of carbon dioxide and a reduced concentration of oxygen (up to 13%),[9] accumulates in the mask and filter - and is then inhaled again.[10][11] As a result, its concentration in the inhaled air could reach 5.5% (for comparison, the maximum permissible concentration of CO2: average over 8 hours - 0.5% (average shift); average over 15 minutes (maximum single) - 1.4%; t .e. 9 and 27 grams per 1 cubic meter, respectively).[12] After modifications, the gas mask was equipped with exhalation and inhalation valves, and the concentration of carbon dioxide decreased (to approximately 1.3-3.6%, depending on the gas mask model and type of activity). Even after the alterations, the concentration of oxygen in the inhaled air was reduced, and carbon dioxide was increased.[7]

Tests proved it was not always possible to achieve a hermetically sealed connection between the glass and the mask.[13]

Users[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Фрайс А. Амос, Клапенс Д. Вест (1924). "Глава 1. История ядовитых газов". Химическая война (2 изд 10 250 экз ed.). Москва: Государственное Военное Издательство. pp. 17–19. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help) Уже в 19 веке на крупных предприятиях Лондона рабочие использовали противогазы с активированным углём.
  2. ^ Де-Лазари А. Н. (2008). "Комментарии". "Химическое оружие на фронтах Мировой войны 1914—1918 гг. Краткий исторический очерк" (300 экз ed.). М.: «Вузовская книга». ISBN 978-5-9502-0314-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  3. ^ Нилов Е. И. (1964). Зелинский. ЖЗЛ (in Russian). М.: Molodaya Gvardiya. p. 256.
  4. ^ "От "шлема Гипо" — к защите Зелинского" (in Russian). 2011-10-05. Archived from the original on 2011-10-05. Retrieved 2024-06-09.
  5. ^ Де Лазари, Александр Николаевич (2008). Химическое оружие на фронтах Мировой войны 1914—1918 гг. Краткий исторический очерк. Комментарии. M.: Вузовская книга. p. 268. ISBN 978-5-9502-0314-5.
  6. ^ Purishkevich, Vladimir (1990). Убийство Распутина (из дневника). Moscow: СП "Интербук". pp. 78, 155.
  7. ^ a b c Г.В. Хлопин (1926). "Русские сухие противогазы". Военно-санитарные основы противогазового дела (1 изд 2000 экз ed.). Ленинград: Научное химико-техническое издательство. pp. 72–79.
  8. ^ Капцов В.А., Чиркин А.В (September 2021). "Воздействие углекислого газа на работников, использующих респираторы (обзор" (Доклад на 16 Российском национальном конгрессе с международным участием "Профессия и здоровье" ed.). Владивосток. Archived from the original on 2022-01-03. 23 {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Фигуровский Н. А. (1942). "Очерк развития русского противогаза во время Империалистической войны 1914-1918 гг". Library.by. М.-Л.: Изд-во Акад. наук СССР. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  10. ^ И.И. Андреев (1917). "Состав воздуха в респираторе Кумманта-Зелинского во время дыхания". Сборник материалов по противогазовым вопросам. Выпуск 1. Петроград: Военная Типография. pp. 111–113.
  11. ^ И.Г. Беднарж (1918). "К вопросу о дыхании в респираторах разных систем". Сборник материалов по противогазовым вопросам. Выпуск 2. Петроград: Военная Типография. pp. 1–149.
  12. ^ (Роспотребнадзор) (2018). "№ 2138 Углерода диоксид". ГН 2.2.5.3532-18 "Предельно допустимые концентрации (ПДК) вредных веществ в воздухе рабочей зоны". Санитарные правила. Москва. p. 145. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. ^ И.И. Андреев (1918). "Испытание противогазов Кумманта-Зелинского". Library.by. Петроград: Типография "Артиллерийского журнала".

Literature[edit]

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